The Tyranny of the Majority Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Tyranny of the Majority - Essay Example Gayism and lesbianism are two practices strictly prohibited in the Arab world, and any one seized in the practice or openly advocates to have practiced it face dire consequences. Massad observed that the supporters of gay international movement have produced literature used to disseminate information about gays and lesbianism in the Arab world. Moreover, Mossad noted the oppression in which most gays and lesbians leave in the Arab world, and most of them do not dare come out, though there are reported numerous cases of male homoeroticism. The fact that people fear coming out openly as gays or lesbians explains the precarious situation of these people in the Arab world, where culture is held conservatively, and all expected to tow a single line of culture and religion. In fact, Mossad remarks that the concept of homosexuality in the Arab world is considered unfamiliar as people do not expect to have any homosexuals or lesbians among their societies. Amar explains the perceptions of most leaders in the society towards those considered undertaking odd practices within a society. The Brazilian purity campaigns targeted prostitutes in all Brazilian cities. The prostitutes were considered an eye sore and a bad image to the cities and the country at large and had to be removed. As Amar explains, the main motive behind the massive sweeps of prostitutes in Brazilian cities was to facilitate the country clean its name not to be associated with promotion of sex tourism and prostitution. 4 The use of the church, provincial military police, feminist groups and international organizations, though obligated to help poor people involved in prostitution  targeted  getting rid of prostitutes from cities. On the contrary, the aim was not offering help to prostitutes to change their lives towards more sociable behavior. In this case, the police  were  the â€Å"moral guardians of the society and the campaigns were aimed at â€Å"disciplining the public sociability.5 This was a case of tyranny of the majority; they forced norms and values to others regardless of their views and perceptions. For many years, the American whites had protected the purity of the white race by discouraging and even criminalizing any sexual association between with whites and immigrants from Asia or Africa. Shah reported the surveillance of the borderlands that brought an ambiguity of contingency to protect American men from threats posed by different groups of masculinities, considered fo reign and degenerate.6 Therefore, racialization increased construction of masculinity in America  based on racial and sexual topologies necessary for  checking any relationships between their males and foreign immigrants. The immigrants were considered impure and a threat to the purity for the whites. Moreover, Naber explains the efforts to create Arab cultural identity especially among daughters in families.7 As Naber remarked, when a daughter rejected the concept of Arab womanhood even after migrating to a

The Development and Acceptance of Labor Arbitration Essay

The Development and Acceptance of Labor Arbitration - Essay Example The regulations set in this case do not allow for concessions, therefore it sets clear guidelines to ensure that the bargain is done in good faith and to the benefit of both parties. Arbitration process involves the appointment of a third neutral party (an Arbiter) who will be charged with the duty of holding formal and informal hearings concerning the differences. The Arbiter will then from the facts drawn from the hearings make a conclusion that binds the two warring factions. His decision must be respected as it is enforceable by the law (Coleman, 1997, pp.36-38). This research paper will look into the historical context of the development and acceptance of the arbitration process in the labor field, particularly during the period and prior to WW II and through the war. The paper will also look at one significant case (Morse's Leadership) which resulted into a great impact on the management of labor relations in the past. Arbitration is as old as humanity and has been used in the world over to settle disputes between people and even among nations at war. This paper will zero in on industrial labor arbitration between employers and employees prior and during World War Two. The concept of arbitration was used to prevent the differences between the parties from escalating into chaos and turning tragic due to workers' strikes. The concept became a vital requirement in the 20th Century with the rapid industrialization and formation of labor unions (Hinchcliff, 1991, p.231). In the United States, it started in1935 with the passage of NLR (National Labor Relations) Act and proceeded into and during the WWII. President Roosevelt Franklin saw the need to help iron out the differences in industries that produced steel and other war materials so that the ensuing labor differences may not escalate and lead to shortage war paraphernalia (Hinchcliff, 1991, p.251). Far much more than the World War One, the World Wa r Two involved aggressive commitment of all nations in the globe. The whole human resources as well as the economic resources were directed to combat the vice. Both combatants and the non-combatants were affected and the expansion of the battle field to cover the enemies' boarders dealt a big blow to the world economy. The ability of a country to survive the war was therefore determined by its capacity to handle industrial and personnel requirement during the Great War. These two sectors which were already strained the war only aggravated the situation. There was a need to keep the human capital under control and at the same time produce enough to run the demands of the war. At its infancy, the law was never at all friendly with arbitration of any form. It was viewed by many as a means of overshadowing and usurpation of the judiciary. The courts were very hostile with it establishment. Their view was that the system was geared to drive them from the office and be rendered jobless through complete ousting of the jurisdiction process (McKelvey, 1957, p.14). To counter the new development, the courts declined to order specific performances of an executor for arbitration and also refused to allow for anything over the nominal damages for a breach of an

Indirect Tension Test Analysis

Indirect Tension Test Analysis IDT The indirect tension test involves applying compressive loads on cylindrical specimen. This would develop uniform tensile stress perpendicular to direction of applied load as shows in figure1. Resulted horizontal and vertical tensile deformation is measured using linear variable displacement transducers(LVDTS). The specimen is loaded until splitting along axis of applied load as shows in figure 2 [1].   Different type of loading mode, temperature and device setup modification were used to measure different material properties. IDT test have many advantages such as simplicity in accompanying test, and preparation samples. Specimens failure is started in uniform tensile stress, and it is not affected by surface condition of specimen make it popular test in pavement .   [2] AC mixture properties obtained by load, displacement time plots at different loading mode and temperature as shows in figures 2.   Initially, IDT was used to measure strength of specimen. It was defined as the maximum load on specimen until failure. It is loaded with constant deformation rate at specified temperature until failure. The strength was obtained by dividing peak load of specimen, on it diameter and thickness using u equation 1.The detailed procedure is described in [4], where it was recommended to test material with 50mm/min loading rate , at 77 °F Equation 1 Where: St = tensile strength, kPa (psi)P = maximum load, N (lbf)t = specimen height immediately before tensile test, mm(in.), D = specimen diameter, mm (in.) Indirect Tensile Creep Tests In addition, ITD is used to conduct creep compliance test on mixture.   These values was addressed by Superpave specification to prevent thermal cracking, also, it is one of primary inputs in ASSHTO ME design method. Creep compliance represent ratio between time-dependent (creep) strain to applied stress as function of time. It is reflected the stiffness and time-dependence of material .[2].. In this test, the specimen is loaded with constant static load, that make Maximum measured horizontal strain below 500-10-6 mm. Three measurement is taken at three different temperature, selected based in PG grading of binder. The creep compliance calculated as function of time   using equationS 2,3. The detailed procedure is described in [5]. Equation 2 Equation 3 Where: D(t) = creep compliance at time t (kPa) GL = gauge length in meters (0.038 meters for 150 mm diameter specimens) Davg = average diameter of all specimens [typically 3] (nearest 0.001 meter) bavg = average thickness of all specimens [typically 3] (nearest 0.001 meter) Pavg = average creep load (kN) ΔXtm,t = trimmed mean of the normalized, horizontal deformations (nearest 0.001meter) of all specimen faces [typically 6] at time t (X/Y)absolute value of the ratio of the normalized, trimmed mean of the horizontal Also, it was used to determine resilient modulus of pavement mixture. Resilient modulus is stiffness measurement, reflecting material behavior within undamaged loading mode. It was defined as ratio between applied stress to recoverable strain.   Within IDT device a cyclic load is applied to give specimen enough time to recoverable it is strain. Each cycle included applying compressive load, followed by rest period. Horizontal and vertical recoverable deformation is recorded within test as shows in figure 3. It is used to calculate Passions ratios, to obtain the resilient modulus using equation 2 and 3. Two different values of resilient modulus could be obtained, based on measured deformation. Instantaneous resilient modulus depends on instantaneous recoverable deformation during unloading of each cycle.   Total resilient modulus is obtained using total recoverable deformation including both instantaneous and time-dependent recoverable deformation. Detailed test procedure is descr ibed in[6]. Three specimens with (4 or 6) in diameter, (1.5 or 2) height are tested at (77 ±2F). Initially, 100 loading cycles are applied, to get five stable cycle with less than 1 % change on resilient modulus. Loading levels are selected as   ( 10 20 ) percentage of one specimen. Instantaneous deformation is represented as difference between peak and curve deformation. Total deformation was determined as difference between peak and end of one loaded- unloaded cycle as shows in figure 3. Figure 3[6] load, displacement time plots for IDT test output Equation 2 Equation 3 Where : µ = Poissons ratio,ÃŽ ´v = the recoverable vertical, mm (in.)ÃŽ ´h = the recoverable horizontal   deformation, mm (in.) MR = resilient modulus of elasticity, MPa (psi),ÃŽ ´h = recoverable horizontal deformation, mm (in.), I1,I2,I3,I4: Constant values depends on   gauge length as a fraction of diameter specimen µ = instantaneous or total Poissons ratio,t = thickness of specimen, mm (in.),Pcyclic = Pmax Pcontact = cyclic load applied to specimen, N(lb),Pmax = maximum applied load, N (lb) andPcontact = contact load, N (lb) Indirect Tensile Fatigue Tests IThe specimen tested for fatigue under repeated load mode. The fatigue life was represented by number of cycle until failure during the test.Different fatigue criteria were developed within on IDT test. Number of cycles to complete failure (Nf); or 50 %   reduction in resilient modulus of its initial value was used [7].[8] defined it as   when the   permeant horizontal deformation ranges between 0.25-0.38 in. However   [3]   found dramatically increasing in total horizontal deformation was happened after a value of 0.1 in and select as failure criteria. [9] define it as the point when horizontal deformation increase in faster rate more than constant rate. [10]   select   a value of   9 mm   of total vertical deformation as failure criteria.[11], introduced theoretical criteria based on energy ratio for both control stress and strain mode of loading. [2] introduced logit model used fracture energy as indicator for fatigue based on fatigue cracking.[12]   used visco elastic continuum damage (VECD) model   to predict fatigue life. A single-characteristic curve of an asphalt mixture and is independent of loading types (C1-S1 curve) model was used. A 50 % reduction in normalized pseudostiffness (C1) was selected as failure criteria.   [13] introduced new approach based on crack development. Two digital cameras were used to record development of cracks every minute. The failure criteria was selected as number loading cycle when rapid crack beginning. Two asphalt mixture, dense graded and stone mastic were tested based on AASHTP TP9-96. Control-stress mode of loading was used at 20 C with 10HZ frequency. Two digital cameras were used to record development of cracks every minute, as shows in the figure 3. Scion Image software was used to analysis results images. Both length and width of cracks was recorded. The failure criteria was selected as number loading cycle when rapid crack beginning. Figure 4[13] overlay tester   (OT) The overlay test was introduced by [14] to induced resulted displacement   from temperature change at layers below the overlay. The original OT was upgraded to test HMA laboratory mixes and field cores. The specimen size was modified to be obtained from superpave gyratory compactor samples (figure 6) and fully computer controlled system is used to control the test   [15] . The test setup shows in figure 7 two steel blocks, one free to slides horizontally, while the other is fixed. The sliding process reflects the opening and closing of cracks or joint in pavement thus, will represent the two-stage fatigue process in pavement. The crack initiation, includes growing of micro-cracks and the crack propagation, represented by macro cracks on surface layer .[16]. Figure 5 Overlat test setup,[15] Figure 6 OT Sample preparation[15] The Trimmed specimen is glued with epoxy between two blocks. The sliding is applied cyclic triangular waveform direct tension on the specimen. It is controlled with maximum displacement opening. The test could   be conducted with loading rate ranges (1-600) second/cycle, controlled opening displacement (0-0.08) and temperature between (32-77 F) [17].However, Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) published standardized test procedure designation (Tex-248-F. It was specified that the specimen is loaded   with 10 second cyclic controlled with   0.025 maximum displacement at 77+1F temperature.[18] Figure 7:overlay setup-Tex-248-F test [19] The crack resistance is represented based on number of cycle correspond to 93% in   maximum applied load in first cycle.   Ã‚   (Hu et al. 2008; Sheng and Ping 2016). However, [22] compare between different methods to analysis the data. The area under- the load-cycle response curve was used; the result shows no improvement in variability. In addition, the rate of load decrease was studied, it was unsatisfactory.   different load reduction percentage was tested as alternative for 93%. The 85% load reduction seem to be good. The test is recommend for performance measures for reflective cracks. [15] test field cores from different highways in taxas state. They suggest 300 cycle @93 % load reduction was selected as pass /failure criteria and 750 cycle was For the rich bottom layer. Also, New Jersey department of transportation (NJDOT) adopted OT test as performance measure for different mixes . The test conduct 10 second cyclic load controlled with   0.025 maximum displacement at   either 59 or 77 F. The failure criteria of specimen selected to be 93 % or until minimum 1200. The detailed procedure published in designation NJDOT B-10[23].   The design Binder-Rich Intermediate Course(BRIC) require minimum of a 700 cycle at 77F as pass criteria. For high rap mixes it is require minimum 150,175 For PG64-22,PG76-22 respectively for surface course while intermediate course required minimum 100,125 cycle for PG64-22,PG76-22 respectively[24].

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff :: biographies biography bio

Born: 12 March 1824 in Kà ¶nigsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) Died: 17 Oct 1887 in Berlin, Germany Gustav Kirchhoff 's father was Friedrich Kirchhoff, a lawyer in Kà ¶nigsberg. Gustav's mother was Johanna Henriette Wittke. In 1988 Gustav Kirchhoff went to the Albertus University of Kà ¶nigsberg to study math when he was at the age of 18. In 1833 Frans Neuman and Jakobi set up a mathematics-physics seminar at Kà ¶nigsberg. Kirchhoff attented at the seminar from 1843 to 1846. It was while he was studying with Neumann that Kirchhoff made his first outstanding research contribution which related to electrical currents. Kirchhoff's laws, which he announced in 1845. The year 1847 was an eventful one for Kirchhoff. He graduated from Kà ¶nigsberg in that year and he also married Clara Richelot. They moved to Berlin in 1847. Kirchhoff teached at the University of Berlinfrom 1848 to 1850. He left from Berlin to Breslau where he was a professor of physics. In 1851 Robert Bunsen joined the University as professor of chemistry. In 1852 Bunsen was called at the University Heidelberg and soon he arranged for Kirchhoff to teach at Heidelberg as well. Kirchhoff joined a research with Bunsen and they found a spectrum analysis. In 1881 he was elected to the Electrical Congress in Paris, as the German delegate. His failing health forced him to prematurely retire in 1886. One year later he died in Berlin on 17 October 1887. His write books; "Vorlesungen à ¼ber mathematische Physik " (1876-94, "Lectures on Mathematical Physics") and " Gesammelte Abhandlungen " (1882; supplement, 1891, "Collected Essays"). Spectrum Analysis Kirchhoff was the first to explain the dark lines in the Sun's spectrum as caused by absorption of particular wavelengths as the light passes through a gas. He found that when light passes through a gas, the gas absorbs those wavelengths that it would emit if heated. spectral lines - a discovery that began the spectroscopic method of chemical analysis. Kirchhoff and Bunsen began by effectively inventing the spectroscope, a prism-based device that separated light in its primary chromatic components, i.e., its spectrum, with which they began studying the spectral "signature" of various chemical elements in gaseous form. The spectrum of an object is the variation in the intensity of its radiation at different wavelengths. Objects with different temperatures and compositions emit different types of spectra. By observing an object's spectrum, then, astronomers can deduce its temperature, composition and physical conditions, among other things.

Business Law, Articles

Incidents that could mean an existence of partnership: **share in profits and losses, equal rights to management, every partner binds the other partners, all partners are liable or debts except partners with limited liabilities, partners have a relation, dissolution does not terminate the partnership but continues until the partnership is completed again. 3. 7. Partnership distinguished from co- ownership Co-ownership – ownership Of an undivided thing or right belongs to different persons Difference of co-ownership and partnership as to†¦Creation – co-ownership is created by law, it may exist even without a contract, while a partnership is created by contract. Juridical personality -? co- ownership has a separate juridical parties while partnership has none. Repose: co-ownership – common enjoyment of something or a right, partnership: profit Duration: co-ownership – 10 years, partnership: no limitation Disposal of interest (share in profit) – p artnership: cannot dispose interest without consent of all partners, co-ownership: may freely do so Power to act with third persons – partner could bind the partnership, co- owner could not bind the co-ownership.Only one judgment against co- owners does not bind the other co-owners. Effect of death: co-ownership does not necessarily dissolve co-ownership, partnership: dissolves (A & B greed to share 1000 pesos to buy a land that would be divided equally between them: co-ownership, because there is no agreement that it would be used for business purposes. ) 3. 8. Partnership distinguished from conjugal partnership of gains Conjugal partnership gains – formed by marriage wherein husband and wife place in a common fund the income from their separate properties Difference of business partnership and conjugal partnership as to†¦Parties – business: voluntary agreement Of two or more, conjugal: husband and wife agrees Laws which govern – business: governed y stipulation (agreement) of parties, conjugal: by law Juridical personality – business: has separate juridical personality, conjugal: none Commencement (beginning) – partnership: from execution of contract (unless stipulated), conjugal: from celebration of marriage, stipulation is void Purpose – business: profit, conjugal: regulate properties of husband and wife Distribution of profits: business: according to agreement or in proportion to the capital shared, conjugal: divided equally Management – business: equally, unless one is appointed as manager, conjugal: husband's decisions prevail Disposition of hares – business: may be disposed without the consent of the others, conjugal: cannot be disposed during marriage, even with consent 3. 9. Partnership distinguished from voluntary associations.

IPT Marketing Technology

Once IPT’s website is complete, the company will have a fantastic opportunity to use several simple tools in order to capture data on its customer base. An online sign-up form in which customers input key data along with their Email address will be instrumental in fine-tuning marketing efforts which target specific markets. Permission-based Email marketing will involve sending promotional messages to the list of addresses in the database at least once monthly. Asking all customers to complete a short, online survey form after placement of an order or at various random times as consumers are browsing the site will direct IPT’s efforts to create a more satisfactory experience for the customer from a service standpoint. The website can also be configured to provide an online ordering system for commercial customers, making it easier and more convenient for them to place orders. Spreadsheets can also be used in conjunction with existing sales software. By assigning customer numbers and tracking purchases, IPT will be able to determine its best customers in terms of buying frequency and dollar amounts. Spreadsheets can be created to track the spending habits of retail, corporate and wholesale customers as well as show trends relating to business levels throughout the year, also known as a â€Å"recency frequency monetary value† tool (Alexander, 2007). In this way, IPT will have a strong foundation on which to base marketing promotions after a year or less of tracking. Creating a database of information from each customer will also aid in retention of loyal customers. CRM principles are based on a foundation of knowing the customer at the most intimate level possible and then using this information to align benefits with consumer needs (Alexander, 2007). As IPT expands geographically, the purchase of CRM software specifically designed to be used in a networked system will be a necessity. Such software will also contain report-building features so that IPT is able to analyze the data in several different ways. Eventually, IPT will want to develop its own, unique loyalty program with incentives offered to its top percentage of customers. Incentives do not need to be monetary-based, but can be as simple as tracking occasions when the customer may want to send gifts, such as relative’s birthdays, etc. References Alexander, Peter (July, 2007). â€Å"Use Data to Build Customer Loyalty†. Retrieved February 5, 2008 from the Entrepreneur.com Website: http://www.entrepreneur.com/technology/techtrendscolumnistpeteralexander/article182362.html.   

Wars in the Middle East

Wars in the Middle East The Middle East for a long time has been on the attack on what is construed by other international bodies as malicious and unjustified war. Nonetheless, there are proponents of the war in the Middle East (Halliday 134).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Wars in the Middle East specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In my view, the war in Iraq and Afghanistan has been propagated by personal vendetta and should not be blown out of proportion to mean protecting the world from possible aggression by these Middle East countries. Concisely the war is not justified. Following the guidance of the United Nations, the actions taken against the Middle East should be informed by tangible facts to halt possible actions based on rumors. Answering the following question will help understand the war is unjust, why is Iraq and Afghanistan the focus regarding attacks on terrorism?, are the allegations against the Middle East be substantiated? , is there sinister motive by the Middle East in case they have the weapons? and finally, has there been non-violent way of finding solution to the situation? Answering these questions would actually rest the case that indeed the wars in Middle East is not justified. The extent to which the war in Middle East is unjustified is first observed in conceptualizing the opening remarks of the United Nations charter, it categorically acknowledges the humanitarian crisis that was occasioned by the first and second world wars and assert that it will endeavor to cushion the succeeding generations from the same episodes (Walzer 156). In article 39 of the United Nations charter, the security council of the UN is mandated to use force or non-violent ways in ensuring a lasting solution is reached in any security situation i.e. act of aggression, breach of peace or if threat to peace is envisaged (Tyner 243). In chapter 41 gives the Security Council options of dealing with the situations as stipul ated in chapter 39. It requires the Council to promote non-violent ways of finding solutions, but this is supposed to be rescinded upon if deemed inadequate in restoring peace and tranquility thus necessitating use of force (Walzer 187). These articles of the UN confirm that the war in the Middle East is not warranted in anyway. The cause of the war is suspicion that these countries harbors weapons of mass destruction, unfortunately there is no evidence that provides substantial grounds to believe this. Forget about their intention to use them in causing havoc in the world (Halliday 201).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Allegations are possible but what follows should be investigation, upon completion of investigation by a reputed and impartial organization, actions should then be based on the findings. Even when the allegations are confirmed, the non-violent m easure should first be given a chance until it fails then the use of force will be justified. This will be in conformity with the United Nation Security Council statutes (Tyner 243). In the case of the Middle East, all these prerequisite steps have been blatantly ignored and military action opted for. This situation in Middle East then contradict UN objective that endeavors to reduce human suffering (Walzer 198). Possession of the alleged weapons is not even a crime provided there is no intent to use them in advancing external attacks in a malicious manner. It does not contradict the principle of self-defense thus constitutes no wrongdoing (Halliday 253). The attack in the Middle East is thus unwarranted and is perpetuated by individuals who want to further their own personal and selfish interest. Singling out Middle East can also be deemed an opportunity to echo fear in other countries which may be hoping to develop these kinds of weapons. Otherwise, the attacks in the Middle East cannot be substantiated beyond malice. Halliday, Fred. The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Print. Tyner, James A. The Business of War: Workers, Warriors and Hostages in Occupied Iraq. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, 2006. Print. Walzer, Michael. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument With Historical Illustration. New York,NY: Basic Books, 2006. Print.

Contrasting Egyptian and Mesop essays

Contrasting Egyptian and Mesop essays Although some similarities exist, the way the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians viewed and worshipped their gods were quite different and impacted their daily lives in varying ways. In order to compare the two cultures in a religious sense, the way they lived and dealt with their surroundings must be examined. Life for the ancient Mesopotamians was precarious and day-to-day. The openness of the river valley lead to vulnerability from both raiding tribesmen and the elements. The climate was very harsh, with unpredictable flooding in the spring and at harvest time. There was also rapid evaporation, leading to the need for a reliable irrigation system. There were little natural resources for building purposes (stone and timber), leading to the need for both the establishment of trade routes and alternate building methods. The lifespan of the cities themselves was quite often unpredictable, usually coinciding with the water supply on which it so depended. The cities of Ur, Ashur and Akkad are examples of cities that disappeared without a trace. The Egyptian delta was considered the most abundant oasis in the region in terms of natural resources. Bounded on the eas t and west by desert and on the north the Mediterranean Sea, the region was much more easily defendable than the Mesopotamian river valley. The availability of sandstone and limestone gave plentiful building materials. Papyrus was also readily available for the building of boats, construction of matting and for writing material. The flooding and even the drought seasons fell during the same time frame each year, allowing for planting and harvesting to occur according to a corresponding schedule. The broad, fertile valley leads to easy irrigation and waster conservation. To the Sumerians as seen above, the world would have appeared a harsh and dangerous place. They viewed themselves as the servants of the gods they worshipped, whom could exact their wrath at any time upon ...

How to Reference an Ebook with Oxford Referencing Style

How to Reference an Ebook with Oxford Referencing Style How to Reference an Ebook with the Oxford Referencing Style When you reference an ebook using the Oxford referencing style, you must cite your source clearly so your reader can access it. Oxford referencing uses a note and bibliography system, so make sure to include full information in both footnotes and at the end of your document. Footnotes When citing a source in Oxford style referencing, indicate this using superscript numbers in the main body of your text (e.g., 1, 2, 3). Each number corresponds to a citation in a footnote. In the first citation of a source, you should provide full publication information. For an ebook, this will include where and when you accessed the source: n. Author Initial(s). Surname, Title, Publisher, City of Publication, Year, Page(s), Name of Database/URL, accessed date. For example: 1. R. Kelsall, I. Hamley and M. Geoghegan, Nanoscale Science and Technology, John Wiley Sons Ltd., Chichester, 2005, p. 26, The E-Book Library [online database, accessed 16 February 2013. If you cite the same source again, the footnote can be shortened to either just the author name and page numbers (for consecutive citations) or the author, a shortened title and page numbers for non-consecutive citations: 1. R. Kelsall, I. Hamley and M. Geoghegan, Nanoscale Science and Technology, John Wiley Sons Ltd., Chichester, 2005, p. 26, The E-Book Library [online database], accessed 16 February 2013. 2. Kelsall, Hamley and Geoghegan, pp. 32-34. 3. A. Nonymous, Another Book, Penguin, New York, 2002, p. 12. 4. Kelsall, Hamley Geoghegan, Nanoscale Science, p. 2. Bibliography In an Oxford referencing bibliography, the entry for an ebook requires the same information as in the first footnote, but without the page number(s). The other important difference is that the first-listed authors surname and initial are inverted so that you can order entries alphabetically by author surname: Author Surname, Initial(s)., Title, Publisher, City of Publication, Year, Name of Database/URL, accessed date. As such, the example given above would appear in the reference list as: Kelsall, R., I. Hamley and M. Geoghegan, Nanoscale Science and Technology, John Wiley Sons Ltd., Chichester, 2005, The E-Book Library [online database], accessed 16 February 2013. Of course, Proofed can help you with your references if you want to be double sure your work is correct. Upload your document today!

The Lure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Lure - Essay Example Nowadays, casual coital relationships and pre-marital sex are widely accepted. In fact, it is a subject discussed not only among married couples but among friends, male and female alike. It is an adventure, if not a necessity that must happen for a person to find the perfect match. With this perception growing to be widely accepted, being physically attractive is not the only matter that is given attention. Since coital relationships require intimacy, fragrance should be equally important and this is the message of Gucci Guilty in its advertisement. The advertisement of the perfume, Gucci Guilty displays a nude couple and is in a physical intimate relationship. It is directed to women in particular who desire to draw and satisfy the perfect partner. With the model being beautiful and sexy, it metaphorically implies that such attributes are not enough to have a man totally captivated in her arms. The sense of smell must also be satisfied. A woman should be fragrant as well to be sexua lly appealing to the opposite sex and Gucci Guilty is the perfect perfume for such moments. The man is shown to be closing his eyes, his nose under the chin of the woman, his lips open, almost ready to kiss but not touching the neck of his lover. The neck is one of the parts of the body where perfume is applied. This suggests that the man is hooked in that area, stopping to just enjoy the smell of the woman’s perfume. The neck is also a part that is usually kissed because of where it is situated. Intimate kissing usually starts from the lips, down through the neck and, to the more intimate parts of the body. Moreover, it is one of the parts of the body that arouses sexual appetite when touched tenderly and lovingly. The man actually appears to have been mesmerized by the neck of the woman so that he was magnetized by something. That something is the scent of the woman’s perfume. This statement is not just an assumption but is proven true by what is shown in the picture . As mentioned earlier, the man is not kissing the neck of the woman, although his lips are parted, almost ready to kiss her. However, instead of him being portrayed as a very passionate lover who is ready for action, he is shown to have been magnetized, unable to resist the neck of the woman. With his face just very close to the woman without touching her neck, the photo implies that the man had to stop and sate himself with the smell of the woman. This specific reason for the man just stopping to smell the woman may not really be clearly stated in the photo but with the bottle of Gucci Guilty beside the woman, it says it all. Looking at the woman, one might wonder in relation to the statements made above, that she is not as interested about her lover as the man is of her. The man’s looks do not present any question about his physical attractiveness rather appears extremely desirable. Still the woman is not as concentrated on him as he is about her. This is because the perfu me is worn by the woman that is why it is only the man who is captivated by her. The woman’s lips are slightly curved to a smile which shows satisfaction. She appears to be happy about how her lover is so attracted to her but her smile has something else beside the satisfaction that she feels. Looking at the woman’s eyes, one can tell that there is a knowing in her. That she knows why her lover is so a

John Locke and natural right to property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

John Locke and natural right to property - Essay Example As a means of explicating and elaborating on Locke’s particular view of private property and the means by which it is acquired as well as the rights that it necessarily portends, this brief analysis will review Locke’s arguments and attempt to juxtapose and coalesce them within the framework of how private property within the modern era is understood. Furthermore, the qualifications to what constitutes private property and how it can and should be utilized will also be discussed. Lastly, a level of inference will be drawn based upon the means by which Locke has defined private property and the means by which such a definition is still useful within the current modern context of evolved societies. Firstly and most importantly, it should be stated that according to John Locke’s Second Treatise on Government, he believed private property to be a natural right. This natural right is related to the reader due to the fact that Locke believes that the private ownership of property and the wealth generation that it can bring is one of the only means by which an individual can sustain himself/herself in a relative form of physical comfort. Whereas many people throughout the decades have criticized such an interpretation as going against the natural order of things, the fact of the matter is without private property, the ability of the individual to profit from the otherwise communal land is all but negligible. Locke does place a limit on the so called â€Å"Naturalness† of private property. Ultimately, his qualification of what can be determined as the natural right is contingent upon the lack of greed that private property ownership must exhibit. In other words, for Locke, private property is a natural right and moral good as long as it is not engaged upon with greed. Locke goes on to differentiate what is specifically meant by the somewhat nebulous

Pretzel company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pretzel company - Essay Example Mission Statement The mission statement of Angelix Pretzels is to create the finest quality hard salted pretzels with a commitment to incorporate the freshest and richest nutritional ingredients. The products of Angelix Pretzels will meet the highest standard of excellence and offer greater value to the customer with enhanced quality. Furthermore, Angelix Pretzels will also seek to respond to the changing needs of potential customers as well as offers product at competitive price. Objectives The objectives of Angelix Pretzels are as follows: To enhance profit and production without compromising product quality To generate strong sales in the city’s major supermarket chains To maintain consolidated control on cost of business operations Company History Angelix Pretzels will offer delicious and nutritious hard salted pretzel products in the market of Washington City. The company will be established as a general partnership business. The business partners will be liable for perfo rming all managerial responsibilities. In order to expand the business, Angelix Pretzels will attempt to take the advantage of demand of hard salted pretzel in the city of Washington. In order to survive in the market, the company will strive hard to build a loyal customer base. The company will be registered as Angelix Pretzels and will operate its business solely from the city of Washington. Marketing Mix In order to survive in a market any new company needs to constantly produce and deliver quality products in an increasingly sustainable way, while meeting business objectives simultaneously. Thus, in order to achieve the business objectives, Angelix Pretzels should ensure that it balances the four elements or the 4Ps of marketing mix. Product Angelix Pretzels will produce and market standard hard salted pretzels product. The standard hard salted pretzels product will be made by considering the nutritional value and health of the customers. In view of that, 1 Oz (ounce) of hard sa lted pretzels will contain 108 calories which can be further include 8% of fats, 83% of carbohydrates and 9% of protein. The common serving size of hard salted pretzels will be 1 Oz, 10 Oz and 100 Oz. Angelix Pretzels will emphasize on attaining greater profitability through increased sales of its product and critically place importance in satisfying the customers’ needs and preferences. Nowadays, people have become concerned about health related issues, and thus they desire for eating healthy food without compromising the taste. Hence, Angelix Pretzels would be very careful while using wholesome ingredients in its product. In order to maintain the quality of its product, Angelix Pretzels will prudently select its suppliers. It will ensure greater customer satisfaction (Hood and Morgan, â€Å"Marketing a Food Product: Marketing Considerations for a Small-Scale Food Processor†). Price Pricing is vital for opening any new business because price can determine the sales as well as amount of profit. In order to maintain the position in the market, Angelix Pretzels will offer its’ product at competitive price. The price fixed by the company for its product would be

Virgin Atlantic Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virgin Atlantic - Case Study Example They use a mixed Boeing and Airbus fleet, operating between Australia, Asia, the Caribbean, Middle East, Africa, North America, and the UK from bases at Heathrow and Gatwick airports. Virgin Atlantic also operates domestic flights in the UK from March 2013. Virgin Atlantic had 5.3 million passengers in 2011, which makes it the 8th largest airline in the UK. Political influences Tax policies have influenced the airline heavily over the years. Because of its globalization strategy, the different tax policies used by different countries have had an effect on costs. Increased environmental demands by environmentalists have forced Virgin Atlantic to reduce cargo weight and aircraft weight to reduce pollution. This has made Virgin Atlantic research into bio-fuels. Employment laws have also been tightened following cabin crew strikes. In addition, terrorist threats have made Virgin Atlantic take out insurance policies for their crew. Economic factors There is an increasing trend where major ity of countries are seeing decreasing GDP because high unemployment levels and high living standards. This has seen decreasing numbers of clients for Virgin Atlantic. The recent recession has also affected consumer frequency and forced Virgin Atlantic to reduce flights. High exchange rates have also affected Virgin Atlantic due to increased oil prices, resulting in increased airfare. Finally, the increase of interest rates because of slow economic growth, which has seen Virgin Airlines increase airfare because of increased payments on overdrafts and loans. Social factors Various countries practice different religions, and this has made Virgin Atlantic take their staff for training to handle different clients with differing religious beliefs. With different age groups of consumers, Virgin Airlines has installed entertainment for children going on holiday, for instance. Virgin Atlantic, because of its globalization strategy, has also had to train its staff in different languages beca use of the global nature of its clients. Finally, Virgin Atlantic has undertaken various social responsibilities like slum upgrading in Kenya and home sanctuaries for white rhinos and other endangered species. Technological factors These factors influence the lowering of entry barriers for new services and reduction of minimum efficient production. Some include R&D, for example, because of the increased air pollution, Virgin Atlantic undertaken research on the bio-fuel use. In addition, they have also introduced office equipment with internet facilities to cater for business travelers. Technology has also enabled them to communicate with clients, for example, for booking of flights. 2. At Corporate Level there are alternative strategic options for growth that an organisation can take in terms of choices about products or markets. The Ansoff Matrix can be used to identify various strategies that could be adopted by an organisation to pursue growth. Using the Ansoff Matrix, and making reference to examples, evaluate the various strategies that Virgin Atlantic could consider in order to pursue growth to develop their competitive position. Of the four market/product strategies that Ansoff identified, the strategies that Virgin Atlantic is implementing are market expansion or penetration and development of products. These specific strategies come with low risk levels and medium levels of risk for Virgin Atlantic as; indeed, it does for all other companies. The evidence for the strategy of market

Property Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Property Market - Essay Example Lack of infrastructure and basic facilities would lead to downfall in prices of the land and investors will lose faith and retract the investment. This would be huge disaster for any businessman. Therefore before putting a land to sale check the basic amenities and infrastructure and the price of the land accordingly. Apart from state owned properties commercial and residential properties are in boom these days. Resident localities are fast growing and becoming some of the costliest living areas. Commercial properties that fetch income are of many kinds. Commercial show rooms and establishment of corporate offices are touching the heights of the real estate business. Commercial show room owners are ready to pay any amount of money to get a place in the most commercially viable areas. The reasons for the properties producing high income is leasing it out or renting the property for a specified period of time. The value of the commercial and office property keeps growing with the development of the city. With increasing number of tourists visiting the revenue increases. Tourism also plays an important in increasing the price of the land. As population of the country increases the cities start expanding and drag the outskirts into city limits.

Marketing 3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing 3000 - Essay Example I have observed that generally, consumers are very price sensitive, especially during times of financial and economic crises. The most effective strategy that works to generate sales, repeated product purchase, and gain consistent patronage is if organizations implement a low price, yet high quality strategy. For basic necessities of homogeneous products (like soap, detergents, bread, coffee, milk, eggs), consumers with low purchasing power would opt to select those with the lowest costs. In supermarkets, therefore, organizations that aim to generate more volume in terms of revenues apply the least cost strategy. For example, the single-served coffee is gaining popularity in contemporary times. This market has been dominated by Nescafe where a 12-pack Taster’s Choice House Blend Instant Coffee costs $12.16. To enable to enter this market, Starbucks, which is known for its specialty coffee, previously served only in its respective coffee stores, have launched their single served Via in 12-pack pouches runs $9.95. When I learned of this move, of course, as a customer who perceived Starbucks as a projecting an image of high-priced, high quality coffee, definitely purchased Via, which as even lower in price than Nescafe’s Taster’s Choice. In another experience, the Cola wars between Coke and Pepsi had also undergone some price wars in the past. I remember being a Coke enthusiast ever since I can remember being allowed to drink carbonated drinks. Pegged almost at the same price, Coke and Pepsi have decided not to implement any price war because the strategy would be detrimental to both. However, there was a time when Pepsi came up with a new promotional strategy that enticed consumers to win cash prices by collecting specially printed Pepsi crowns. This promotion led to shifts in consumers’ purchases from Coke to Pepsi, despite the same price due to the offer of hopes to possibly win something big. When things like

Property Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Property Market - Essay Example Lack of infrastructure and basic facilities would lead to downfall in prices of the land and investors will lose faith and retract the investment. This would be huge disaster for any businessman. Therefore before putting a land to sale check the basic amenities and infrastructure and the price of the land accordingly. Apart from state owned properties commercial and residential properties are in boom these days. Resident localities are fast growing and becoming some of the costliest living areas. Commercial properties that fetch income are of many kinds. Commercial show rooms and establishment of corporate offices are touching the heights of the real estate business. Commercial show room owners are ready to pay any amount of money to get a place in the most commercially viable areas. The reasons for the properties producing high income is leasing it out or renting the property for a specified period of time. The value of the commercial and office property keeps growing with the development of the city. With increasing number of tourists visiting the revenue increases. Tourism also plays an important in increasing the price of the land. As population of the country increases the cities start expanding and drag the outskirts into city limits.

How to meet the learning needs of mixed age groups in the home-based setting Essay Example for Free

How to meet the learning needs of mixed age groups in the home-based setting Essay One of the biggest advantages of mixed age groups is that they make us really analyse the individual needs, interests, and temperaments of each child in the group. We can then plan and provide for the next steps in learning, by getting to know our group of children very well, and making careful observations on them, as individuals, what they do and how they interact with others. This knowledge can then be mapped to the EYFS Practice Guidance over the six areas of Learning and Development and used to devise individual learning plans by assessing activities, opportunities and experiences based on their individual development, interests and needs. Careful planning and organisation are critical factors in meeting the learning needs of different age groups. Each play area, including outside, must provide the maximum of learning opportunities for all ages in your care, using barriers e.g. gates and big cushions only where needed for safety so that infants and toddlers feel included whenever possible. A good idea is to go through the house looking at the room from the child’s level. What would the baby see first, what would the toddler or pre-schooler see first? What appeals to the school-age child? You can create small play areas for special activities, e.g. using a sturdy playpen or hallway as an office for older children when they want to colour, do a puzzle, play a board game or do something without help from toddlers. The little ones can then watch without interfering with the activity. A range of open-ended multiple-use resources should be used, that can be played with in different ways according to stage, such as balls and bricks and Lego. Toys that are safe for children of all ages can be kept on low shelves easily accessible, e.g. blocks, board books, dressing-up clothes,  dolls, stuffed animals, materials to play house, and a collection of heuristic play items (plastic containers, measuring spoons, funnels, etc.), which should be changed round frequently. It is possible to use the same activity to support the learning of mixed age groups, with modifications. This is differentiating the curriculum, by extending or adapting the original play into more specific areas of learning, as per the aims and targets set for each child. For example, younger children can handle gloopy paint to explore colour and texture, while older children use the same paint materials to express their feelings and ideas. Each child does the bit of the activity that he is ready and keen to do. If one child in the group is using a schema e.g. ‘Enveloping’, this can be used as the basis of a plan for the whole group e.g. to make a den, dress up or wrap up some ‘presents’. It is important to set up these activities for shared learning, as children develop socially when they have opportunities to observe and play with those who will play differently due to being older or younger. Being at different stages of their learning journey should mean that all will be able to share other viewpoints and richer experiences. This will help them be co-operative, and for the group to ‘gel’. NEC 733.000 08/516573 Ruth Dickerson The older members of the group can help to meet the younger ones’ learning needs, e.g. by ‘communicating’ pulling faces with babies, reading to preschoolers, putting on a play or a puppet show, or teaching a board game. They do often enjoy being valued for their input, but their help should be volunteered, not relied on, and they should have lots of opportunities away from the babies, since being your ‘assistant’ can be a way for older children to avoid their own age group, and a way to escape peer conflicts. Unplanned opportunities are also very useful as they can often spark off the kind of conversations and reminiscences about other experiences, and sharing of ideas, that just wouldn’t have happened unless that event had occurred.  They encourage communication and social skills which the smaller ones can pick up on and everyone can share. We can also help children to think about ways to include each other in their play, e.g. if the older children are playing house you could ask As you are the daddy, could you read Tom and me a book? (710)

Overview of Germanys Culture

Overview of Germanys Culture Germany Germany is one of the most beautiful country in the world. It is located in the central Europe. Nearly 82 million people live in Germany. It is one of the most populated country in the world, especially in Europe. Many of Germans came from Russia and other countries. There are many foreigners inhabit Germany like Serbs, Italian, Greek and Turkish people. German is considered one of the most progressive and dynamic country in the world. Berlin is the capital of Germany. It is located in the northeastern place of the country. Berlin is the fantastic and biggest city in Germany. German language is the major language in Germany. Around 95 percent of people in Germany speaks German. The flag of Germany consists of three color. Theses colors are black, red, and gold. Black, red, and gold colors represent big role in the history of Germany. The colors of Germany adopted in 1949. The president Germany is the head state of the country. The president in German is elected and valid for the presidency for five years. Frank-Walter Steeinmerier is in the head of the state Germany. Germany is governed under the democratic constitution of 1949. This democratic constitution became the constitution in 1990. The president in Germany has little effect on government. Germany has one currency. Euro is the currency in German. One Euro in Germany equals 3.853 QAR. There are many interesting festival in Germany like Christmas and New Years. There are many holidays in Germany. The first day in Germany in May, is called the national day of Germany. There are many touristic attractions in Germany. Munish city is one of the beautiful city in Germany. Many people in the world visit it daily. Parks, forests, gardens and many other beautiful sights covered the city. Cologne city also one of the attraction city in the world. It is considered the fourth biggest city in Germany. About thirty museums are founded in Cologne. Every year more than 6 million tourists visit the city because it have a unique position. German is famous for fashion. It is the site of many fashions such as Mercedes, Benz and clothing. Many new fashion made first in Germany. There are many clothes fashion produced in Germany and exported many clothes to other country. People in Germany go and celebrate together in carnival season at the Oktoberfest and wine festivals. Germany is one of the biggest importer and exporter country. The goods and services are the most exporter in Germany. We cant forget the best mechanical engineering, vehicles and mobiles are produced in Germany. Most goods that Germany imports come from Netherlands and China. Medical, iron of steel products, paper, medical, medical equipment and other chemical goods are the most German imports from Netherland and China. There are many famous persons in all field in Germany.   Albert Einstein is the famous person in Germany. He is considered the father of physics. We cant forget the famouse player football in Germany who was called Gerd Muller. He was born in 1945. He was the best player football in Germany. Anne Frank is the famous writer in Germany. She was born in 1929. She wrote many notes about war in 1947.Hans Bellmer is the best artist in Germany. In Germany, Music is the source of entertainment for a long time. There are many musicians in Germany like Jackson Browne and Robert Schumann. There are many sports in Germany but the most popular sports in Germany are football and tennis. There are many tapes of dancing in Germany. In the 18th century, the dance waltz is the oldest type dancing in German. For the literature aspect in Germany, literature was responsible of sharing history and politics in Germany. References Country reports. (2017, Feb 15). Germany Facts and Culture. Retrieved from Countryreports.org: http://www.countryreports.org/country/Germany.htm Flippo, H. (2016, Aug 14). german.about.com. Retrieved from German-Holidays-and-Celebrations: http://german.about.com/od/culture/fl/German-Holidays-and-Celebrations.htm Hennig, B. (2010, Oct 3). The Population of Germany. Retrieved from Viewsoftheworld.net: http://www.viewsoftheworld.net/?p=914 Reference. (2017, Feb 15). What is Germany famous for? Retrieved from Reference.com: https://www.reference.com/geography/germany-famous-2e5931f83cc5f742?qo=contentSimilarQuestions The Famous People. (15, Feb 2017). Famous Germans. Retrieved from The famous people.com: http://www.thefamouspeople.com/germany.php

Pornography: Dangerous and Destructive Essay -- Pornography Essays

â€Å"The word pornography comes from the Greek meaning, whore, harlot, prostitute, and to buy or sell a woman† (Oprah,2009). The word alone is degrading to women, how bad could the actual acts be? There are so many forms pornography comes in: magazines, posters, music, videos, and the most popular, the internet. This all makes it way too easy to access. Some of the serious effects include violent and degrading acts towards women, the difference between a real sex life and the ones on TV, and the sexual problems that pornography contributes to for many, many couples. â€Å"There are more adult bookstores than MacDonald’s in the U.S. Pornography is an 8 billion dollar-a year business and have annual box sales of $50 million† (Oprah, 2009). Lust aside, porn is dangerous and destructive for many reasons. First of all, it gives an unrealistic view of the female body. The women in these videos are stick thin, air-brushed from head to toe, make up covering any sort of blemish, and of course large fake breasts. And on top of all these additions they alter and photoshop the videos to look even more perfect! â€Å"How can a man look at these false images of "sexual perfection" and not begin to think less of his wife? How can he not be affected by these images? And when he thinks "my wife would look better with larger breasts" or "I wish my wife would shave her pubic hair like that" is he not coveting other woman who do look that way?†(The Marriage Bed, Inc, 2009). Men are comparing their wives to these unrealistic female figures and wanting them to change. How is this fair to any woman? People who watch pornography get an immediate response and of course the outcome, a positive reinforcement. â€Å"It is impossible for men to watch porn and not b... ...ey. Women are treated like a piece of meat when it comes to pornography. The only benefit to pornography lasts a few seconds, and again, that’s for the men. It’s going to be interesting to see what happens to pornography in the next few years. It will either continue to increase or someone will realize that this material isn’t okay. Men should think about this before watching it. They should ask themselves if it is worth putting their marriages at stake, or if it’s okay that their children are as easily accessed to these videos as they are, or that their daughters may one day be victimized because of all this. What happened to passionate sex with the one you love†¦ and respect? Pornography is nothing but a vicious circle. Pornography creates the exact opposite in real life of what it promises in fantasy life. Ironic isn’t it?

memo for motion against summary judgment :: essays research papers

I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction and Standard for Opposition to Summary Judgment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crowell Academy, Inc. and Arturo Gomez, (hereinafter, collectively â€Å"Crowell†) were grossly negligent and used willful misconduct in their responsibilities involving the fencing club. The bargaining power of Crowell was so grossly unequal so as to put Lajuana Barnett at the mercy of Crowell’s negligence. Lastly, the exculpatory clause contained in the release form (see release form) is void as against public policy. Consequently, under Maryland law, it is up to the trier of fact to determine if the exculpatory clause is unenforceable. As such, there is a dispute as to the genuine issue of material fact related to Crowell’s Answer, Crowell can be liable to Lajauna Barnett for negligence, and Crowell is not entitled to Summary Judgment as a matter of law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Summary Judgment should be granted only upon a showing that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. Rairigh, 59 Md. App. 305, 313, cert. denied, 301 Md. 176 (1984). If there is a conflict between the inferences which may be drawn from the evidence before the court, summary judgment is not proper. Boucher v. Riner, 68 Md. App. 539, 543 (1986) (quoting Coffey v. Derby Steel Co., 291 Md. 241, 246-247 (1981)). Unless the facts are so clear as to permit a conclusion as a matter of law, it is for the trier of fact to determine whether a defendant’s negligent conduct amounts to gross negligence. Jacob v. Davis, 128 Md.App. 433, 465 (1999) (quoting Artis v. Cyphers, 100 Md.App. 633, 652 (1994)). Generally, exculpatory agreements otherwise valid are not construed to cover the more extreme forms of negligence-wilful, wanton, reckless, or gross. Winterstein v. Wilcom, 16 Md.App. 130, 136 (1972). II.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Statement of Undisputed Material Facts 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Defendant Arturo Gomez is the fencing coach at Crowell and at all times relevant to this matter acted as Crowell’s servant. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crowell provides weapons and electronic scoring devices for club members; club members provide their own protective equipment, including mask, glove, jacket, and plastron. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the fencing Club meeting prior to October 16, 2001, Gomez instructed team members in footwork preparatory to allowing them to handle weapons 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the October 16, 2001 club meeting, Gomez instructed club members to don their protective equipment for their initial experience with using their weapons. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plaintiff’s nerve was severed under her left arm when an epee sliced through plaintiff’s jacket. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plaintiff had put the plastron on her right arm.

Bacteriophages Vs Antibiotics

Bacteriophages are actually viruses highly specialized to attack bacterial cells while doing no harm to animal cells. When a phage discovers a bacterium to which it possesses the correct key—that is, suitable receptors on the bacterial cell to which the phage can attach its tentacle-like extensions—then the phage will inject its hereditary DNA into the bacteria cell. Taking over the bacterial cell's biochemical apparatus, the phage produces hundreds of phage copies, rupturing the cell. As the victim cell dies, the released phage copies attack any remaining bacterial cells like a pack of hungry wolves (Reidel).Advantages The advantages of the therapy are obvious. Bacteriophages are very specific parasites and, unlike antibiotics, do not damage the useful bacteria that live in and on the body. Phages are â€Å"intelligent† medicine: They increase just where they are needed, while antibiotics often do not get to where they are needed. Once all phage-susceptible bact eria have been killed, phages are eliminated from the body. The most apparent benefit of phage therapy is that although bacteria are able to develop resistance to phages the resistance is much easier to overcome.The reason behind this is that phages replicate and undergo natural selection and have probably been infecting bacteria since the beginning of life on this planet. Although bacteria evolve at a fast rate, so too will phages. Bacteria are most likely to modify the molecule that the phage targets, which is usually a bacterial receptor. In response to this modification phages will evolve in such a way that counteracts this change, thus allowing them to continue targeting bacteria and causing cell lysis.As a consequence phage therapy is likely to be devoid of the problems similar to antibiotic resistance. Increasing evidence shows the ability of phages to travel to a required site — including the brain, where the blood brain barrier can be crossed — and multiply in the presence of an appropriate bacterial host, to combat problems such as meningitis. However the patient's immune system can, in some cases mount an immune response to the phage (2 out of 44 patients in a Polish trial (Carson)).Development and production is faster than antibiotics, on condition that the required recognition molecules are known. Disadvantages According to Reidel, the phages' high specificity, with which they look for their bacterial victims, is at the same time also their therapeutic Achilles' heel. Therefore, either a cocktail containing many different types of phages must be developed by the infection control specialist, or a phage effective against the specific pathogen of each patient must be custom-made through detailed microbiological analytical work.Western regulatory authorities tend to loathe recognizing such manually manufactured anti-infective agents as medicines, which explains why currently phage therapy is routinely only available at phage therapy cen ters in Georgia (part of former Russia), Europe and Poland. However, the Wound Care Center in Lubbock, Texas, has started to treat patients. For chronic infections due to multi-resistant pathogens, phage therapy could become a kind of miracle medicine. Wikipedia condends that Bacteriophage therapy is generally very safe; however fevers can occur with phage treatment.This is thought to be caused by endotoxins released by the bacteria within the patient after they have been lysed by the phage (Herxheimer Reaction), of course this can happen with antibiotics also. Additionally care has to be performed in manufacture that the phage medium isn't contaminated with bacterial fragments and endotoxins from the production process. It is beneficial if testing on animals is performed to ensure safety. Lysogenic bacteriophages are also thought to be risky, and are now seldom used therapeutically.These viruses can act as a way for bacteria to exchange DNA, and this can help spread antibiotic resi stance or even, theoretically, can make the bacteria pathogenic. To work, the virus has to reach the site of the bacteria, and unlike antibiotics, viruses do not necessarily reach the same places that bacteria can reach. Finally, some non therapeutic (lysogenic) phages transfer genes between bacteria that code for pathogenicity, notable in cholera. This makes it important to identify the phages being used to show that they are not harmful ones. What are ANTIBIOTICS?An antibiotic, according to Wikipedia, is a drug that kills or prevents the growth of bacteria. They have no effect against viruses or fungal infections. Antibiotics are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitic drugs. They are relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. The term, coined by Selman Waksman, originally described only those formulations derived from living organisms, in contrast to â€Å"chemotherapeutic ag ents†, which are purely synthetic.Nowadays the term â€Å"antibiotic† is also applied to synthetic antimicrobials, such as the sulfa drugs. Antibiotics are generally small molecules with a molecular weight less than 2000 Da. They are not enzymes. Some antibiotics have been derived from mold, for example the penicillin class. Volume 4 of How Products Are Made says that antibiotics differ chemically so it is understandable that they also differ in the types of infections they cure and the ways in which they cure them. Certain antibiotics destroy bacteria by affecting the structure of their cells. This can occur in one of two ways.First, the antibiotic can weaken the cell walls of the infectious bacteria, which causes them to burst. Second, antibiotics can cause the contents of the bacterial cells to leak out by damaging the cell membranes. One other way in which antibiotics function is to interfere with the bacteria's metabolism. Some antibiotics such as tetracycline and erythromycin interfere with protein synthesis. Antibiotics like rifampicin inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis. Still other antibiotics, such as sulfonamide or trimethoprim have a general blocking effect on cell metabolism. AdvantagesIt is estimated that the average duration of many infectious diseases and the severity of certain others have decreased significantly since the introduction of antibiotic therapy. The dramatic drop in mortality rates for such dreaded diseases as meningitis, tuberculosis, and septicemia offers striking evidence of the effectiveness of these agents. Bacterial pneumonia, bacterial endocarditis, typhoid fever, and certain sexually transmitted diseases are also amenable to treatment with antibiotics. So are infections that often follow viral or neoplastic diseases, even though the original illness may not respond to antibiotic therapy.Antibiotics in small amounts are widely used as feed supplements to stimulate growth of livestock and poultry. They probably ac t by inhibiting organisms responsible for low-grade infections and by reducing intestinal epithelial inflammation. In cattle, sheep, and swine, antibiotics are effective against economically important diseases. The use of antibiotics in dogs and cats closely resembles their use in human medical practice. In fish farms, antibiotics are usually added to the food or applied to the fish by bathing.The incidence of infections in fish, and animals in general, may be reduced by the use of disease-resistant stock, better hygiene, and better diet. Although effective against many microorganisms causing disease in plants, antibiotics are not widely used to control crop and plant diseases. Some of the limiting factors are instability of the antibiotic under field conditions, the possibility of harmful residues, and expense. Nevertheless, antibiotic control of some crop pathogens is being practiced, as is true of the rice blast in Japan, for example (Science and Tech). DisadvantagesSome individu als may have allergic reactions to antibiotics. If symptoms of an allergic reaction (such as rash, shortness of breath, swelling of the face and neck), severe diarrhea, or abdominal cramping occur, the antibiotic should be stopped and the individual should seek medical advice. Because antibiotics can affect bacteria that are beneficial, as well as those that are harmful, women may become susceptible to infections by fungi when taking antibiotics. Vaginal itching or discharge may be symptoms of such infections. All patients may develop oral fungal infections of the mouth, indicated by white plaques in the mouth.Injected antibiotics may result in irritation, pain, tenderness, or swelling in the vein used for injection. It is a common assertion that some antibiotics can interfere with the efficiency of birth control pills. Although there remain few known cases of complication, the majority of antibiotics do not interfere with contraception, despite widespread misinformation to the cont rary (Gale). And there’s also what is known as Antibiotic Resistance. Wikipedia says that Antibiotic Resistance is the ability of a micro-organism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. It is a specific type of drug resistance.Antibiotic resistance evolves naturally via natural selection through random mutation, but it could also be engineered for the purpose of creating bio-weapons. SOS response of low-fidelity polymerases can also cause mutation via a process known as programmed evolution. Once such a gene is generated, bacteria can then transfer the genetic information in a horizontal fashion (between individuals) by plasmid exchange. If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multiresistant or, informally, a superbug. Antibiotic resistance can also be introduced artificially into a micro-organism through transformation protocols.This can be a useful way of implanting artificial genes into the micro-organism. Phages Vs Antibiotics (A Summary) Bacteri ophages are great because: †¢ Bacteria evolve at a fast rate, but so do phages. This makes Bacteriophages devoid of problems similar to antibiotic resistance. †¢ Bacteriophages are very specific parasites and, unlike antibiotics, do not damage the useful bacteria that live in and on the body. Phages are â€Å"intelligent† medicine: They increase just where they are needed, while antibiotics often do not get to where they are needed.†¢ Development and production is faster than antibiotics. †¢ The recovery rate was discovered to be faster in some cases—a tribute to the speed with which the phage multiplied and overcame its host bacteria. †¢ Incidents of misuse are relatively unknown. Antibiotics are great because: †¢ The use of antibiotics on domesticated animals, closely resemble its use in human medicine thus greatly benefiting them. †¢ Phages work best when in direct contact with the infection, so they are best applied directly to an open wound.This is rarely applicable in the current clinical setting where infections occur systemically. †¢ Unlike Phages, which are hardly ever used for therapeutic reasons, antibiotics reduce the incidence of both suppurative and non-suppurative complications of sore throat. A new study from Holland has confirmed that antibiotics protect against quinsy. †¢ Lysogenic bacteriophages are thought to be risky. These viruses can act as a way for bacteria to exchange DNA, and this can help spread antibiotic resistance or even, theoretically, can make the bacteria pathogenic.To work, the virus has to reach the site of the bacteria, and unlike antibiotics, viruses do not necessarily reach the same places that bacteria can reach. †¢ Antibiotics are more readily available because phages have high specifity and require detailed microbiological analytical work. Conclusion The research is still ongoing. Though the odds are in favor of Bacteriophages becoming more common, there have been no large clinical trials to test their efficacy. This therapy today essentially exists only in some Eastern European countries, including Georgia and Poland.But largely because of the growing concern over antibiotic resistance, a lot more people in the medical field are interested in pursuing bacteriophages as an alternative to antibiotics on a large scale. W O R K S C I T E D 1. Reidel, William. â€Å"Book Review: Viruses vs. Superbugs: A Solution to the Antibiotics Crisis? † Epoch Times. (6 May, 2006). 14 April, 2007. http://en. epochtimes. com/news/6-5-6/41280. html 2. Carson, Christine, and Thomas Riley. â€Å"Non-Antibiotic Therapies for Infectious Diseases. † Communicable Diseases Intelligence Supplement on Antimicrobial Resistance 27 (2003): pages not given3. â€Å"Phage therapy. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 4 Apr 2007, 00:38 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 14 Apr 2007 . 4. â€Å"Antibiotic. † How Products Are Made. 2006. 14 April 2007 http://www. madehow. com/Volume-4/Antibiotic. html 5. Science and Technology Encyclopedia. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007 6. Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer. Michigan: Thomson Gale, 2005 7. â€Å"Antibiotic Resistance. † Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2007. Answers. com 14 Apr. 2007. http://www. answers. com/topic/antibiotic-resistance

American Industrialization from Civil War to WWI Essay

Between the Civil War and the end of World War I, industrialization played an ever increasing role in the economic, social, and political development of the United States. Industrialization had a huge impact on American in all of these ways, such as many Americans moving from the rural areas to urban areas, living the big city lifestyle with Industrialization on the rise. Social Darwinism also known as Survival of the fittest took an impact during this time period, the nation was facing great changes causing many people to begin new lifestyles. People began working in factories and big buildings instead of on farms. Labor unions also were formed to protect the workers from unfair wages, long days, unsafe conditions, etc. Although there were positive effects during this time there were also negative effects on the social, political, and economic, aspects of the United States. First I will go over how industrialization affected America economically. Industrialization was at a rise during this time many â€Å"Big Shot† industrialists became quite wealthy from this, although most industrialists used ruthless business tactics to accumulate their wealth. Andrew Carnegie believed in the moral duty of the rich giving back to the community so he spent much of his wealth paying for libraries, universities, trust funds, and Carnegie Hall to be built also creating more jobs (Shown in Document 8). Another Economic effect on the United States was the American entry into WWI. The army for the United States wasn’t as prepared for the modern campaigning military action like other European nations. America’s productive strength made up for that by boosting billions of dollars and our industrial potential caused its share of world manufacturing output to be 2 and a half times that of Germanys. Our entry transformed the balances and compensated for the collapse of Russia at the time (Shown in Document 9) this being a positive of American industrialization. Next I will discuss the social impact industrialization on the United States. Due to such the high demand for employees and work at the time working conditions weren’t always so great. Clara Lemlich a labor union strike leader sparked the 1909 walkout of shirtwaist makers. The strike occurred because workers were making about $6 a week on a good week, are constantly at their machines from 7am to 8pm daily with only one 30 minute lunch break. This strike gathered the public’s atten tion fueling the creation of labor unions and labor laws (Shown in document 6A). Due to poor  working conditions, unsafe and unhealthy work environments, and children working started the creation of labor laws. One of the first of these was the Laws of the state of Illinois and their passage of the 38th general assembly. Some of these laws were if upon inspection such workshops shall be found unhealthy/infectious orders will be given and actions taken as the public health shall require. Another law passed was children under 14 are prohibited from being employed; also no female shall be employed in any factory or workshop for more than 8 hours a day or 48 hours a week (Shown in document 4). Industrialization from the Civil War to World War I affected the social aspect of the U.S. by drastic changes, changes the American people were not used to this is where Social Darwinism comes into play. Next I will cover the political changes industrialization caused during this time period. The â€Å"Captains† of Industrialization during this time were arrogant, such as Mr. Rockefeller they believed they were above the Government and politicians. This created Bad Trusts that reduced competition and drove up prices. Theodore Roosevelt the president at the time became a trust buster, by creating the Sherman’s Antitrust Act in 1890 this declaring all combinations of in restraint trade now illegal (Shown in document 7B). Another example of the political impact was the Boss tweed and Tammany Hall scandal. Tammany hall was a political organization formed in 1786, and played a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics. Boss Tweed was an American politician and the â€Å"boss† of Tammany Hall. Boss tweeds control over the political patronage in NYC through Tammany Hall as well as the tension between political leaders an industrialization â€Å"kings† lead to Boss tweed having and unfair add vantage over other candidates, ensuring loyalty of voters through job offerings. The outcome of this later resulted in Tweed’s conviction for stealing an estimated $25-$45 million dollars from NYC tax payers due to political corruption. In conclusion the era between the Civil War and World War I’s industrialization played an ever increasing role in the economic, social, and political aspect of the United States in both negative and positive aspects. Economic changes ranged from where the people mainly lived and types of jobs to how they changed. As well as labor unions and labor laws changing working conditions, to the American entry into WWI. Social changes ranged from the era of reform, the women’s rights movement  and the 19th amendment and their right to vote, as well as women causing rallies and strikes. Lastly the political changes ranged from Theodore’s Roosevelt’s â€Å"Trust Busting† to political greed and corruption.

Oral Presentation-Washing Vehicle

Hello everyone !! , sulfanilamide n good afternoon to my handsome n beauty customers.. Are u k today Yeah that's good .. First of all?all of u bring motorcycle at polio right ?†¦ So ,that is the reasons why we at here.. L Abdul Hake n this my partner Sit Wadding from Clearer Sad Bad at IIOP , to promote our service is washing motorcycle at this polio. So,I give to my partner to more explaining about our service.This is our business card that have our name Mr. Abdul Hake n I Sit wadding,our intact number 014-2345678 n 012-1122233,our backbone account ,email n bloodspot cellular†¦ So, I want to show to u all our timetable for this service. The reasons why we making the timetable because we also the student at politeness nuke Omar. We must manage time wisely for study n this service. OK,go to the timetable,for on Monday,Tuesday and Wednesday ,customers must go to our place at night only because a day we have a class.. On Thursday,we not working.On Friday,the same time n Monda y,Tuesday n Wednesday but we have to go to customer's house. Is the same meaning house to house. On Saturday also,the same what we do previously but a day n night only. Lastly,on Sunday we rest from 1 pm to 2. Pm. So,' give to my partner to explain about our statistic. HI, I can explain for the statistic,from the timetable n what we do can conclude that 90% customer is come to wash a motorcycle. 4% for who use a car. 5% who comes to our company to washing their vehicle and 1% for who bring bicycle to our company. My conclusion, many customers is who use motorcycles because many student bring motorcycle to politeness and we wash house to house.Other than that, student to avoid from traffic Jam. So,that is the reason many our customers wash motorcycle from other. I want asking to all my lovely customer,why u must choose us Because first, we provide a free Wife for 2-3 customers who comes washing to our company. Second ,we go to customer's house. And lastly ,for the price we so cheap n reasonable. Eve to my partner to explain about our target. So, for our target of course student polio but lecturer is also can and other people in IIOP . That's all Handsome n beauty customers, listen up please!! We have some surprise for all,for upgrade our company we do a new services. The service is housekeeping from house to house. So, support our company. Thank you for lending your eyes n ears. N I sit wadding n this my partner Abdul hake. Our tagging is you like, we work hard again. Oral Presentation-Washing Vehicle By Newspaperwoman

Comparative advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Comparative advantage - Essay Example rative advantage theory is one of the most important concepts in the theory of international trade and is first mentioned by Adam Smith in his book ‘The Wealth of Nations’. He implied that it is better to buy a commodity from another country if it would cost less than manufacturing it locally, giving the buyer some advantage. According to Deardorff (2005), David Ricardo formulated the law or model of comparative advantage. The ‘Ricardian model’ was formalized through a simple but compelling numerical example investigating in detail the relative/alternative opportunity as well as advantages, which involved Portugal and England. This was outlined in his book ‘On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation’ published in 1817. Portugal has potential in cloth and wine production using less labor as compared to producing the same amounts in England. Remarkably, production’s relative costs for the two commodities differ in both countries. Wine production is difficult in England but cloth production more viable. Portugal has ease of production for both commodities. Portugal can produce excess wine and trade it for English cloth. The cost of cloth in England is covered by the cheaper price at which, England obtains wine from Portugal. The conclusion here is that each country stands to benefit through specialization in the good over which, it has comparative advantage by trading it for the other. Arnaud Costinot (2009) proposes a simple theory to relate to the origins of comparative advantage through international trade where endogenous productivity differs across countries. His core analysis is in determinants of division of labor. Considering a world economy that is composed of two countries that have a continuum of goods as well as a single production factor, which is labor, he asserts that complexity characterizes each good. This complexity in short is the number of tasks to be performed for production of a single unit. Performance of every task

Salave Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Salave Project - Assignment Example The company has also secured an investigation permit of up to 2765ha for a total of 3198ha of highly potential gold deposits (Asturgold, n.p). The area has already been developed, and access roads, power lines, water and telephone lines are available in the area. The area is just 10 kilometers from Tapia within the province of Galicia. This region has a long coal mining history that boosts confidence on future mine developments the Salave Project. This project is viable since it has a strong geological evidence to support it. Gold deposits are in the main Salave granodiorite and surrounding regions. The deposit contains gold mineralization along numerous north to northwest irregular lenses. Salave gold deposit is one of the biggest and premier grade undeveloped gold deposits in Western Europe. It is an investment that is worthwhile and lucrative. This report will show the predicted future of the Salave project investment in such a way that the investor will see the value of investing in such promising project. Since gold is a precious stone, investing into this project is also extremely precious to both the investor and the company taking up the Salave project. All the data and relevant analysis confirm the viability of this gold mine project. Introduction The Salave project has a basis on the preliminary economic analysis of the project. This economic analysis shows the financials of the project for the next eighteen (18) years. These projections are subject to alterations in the economy and, therefore, the rational of this statement is to take into account the changes and incorporate them for investors to have total confidence in the project. The analysis of the project indicates that, over the next 18 years, the project will generate a NPV of $576 million (Asturgold, n.p). Previous metallurgical studies and tests indicate that recoveries are in the order of 90%. The region has 1.7 million oz Au and indications show that 338 thousand oz Au inferred. This is g ood news to any investor who wants to have the most value for their investments. The robust economy demonstrated in 2011 placed the gold price at an attractive $1,100/oz. The local community is in total support of the project and shows confidence in the mining process. Currently the drive to put Salave to production as soon as possible is enormous. This project is the best investment in Western Europe. Significance of the Salave Project The Salave project is tremendously significant in the economy of Spain and to investors and share holders of the company that runs the Salave project. The project has vast possibilities and positive rewards in the end. Many investors always seek to increase their share value. This is the business that Salave project focuses on among other key goals like to be the largest gold mine in the whole of Western Europe. This project is resistant to the economic dynamics that will make investors shy to invest in the gold business. The gold business is never l ow due to the constant and steady rise of the prices of gold over the years especially when inflation strikes. This analysis will show how the value of the share holders will be on the increase, and the success of the project is the main purpose of the call for investor input from all over the globe. Cash flow Analysis In the forecast of the project’s cash flows for the next two decades, the following assumptions hold: A. All factors remain

Advanced Accounting Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advanced Accounting Theory - Essay Example It implies that a company is governed by the accounting standards and principles of the jurisdiction(s) within which it operates. Similarly, the preparation of its accounting reports is limited only by the GAAPs of the jurisdictions within which it operates. One of the arising issues when it comes to GAAPs is the need for a single set of GAAPs. This concept is discussed, with preponderance for the establishment of such a set of global GAAPs. As it has been noted, one of the most significant notions, that is rather thematic of GAAPs, is the concept of jurisdiction. GAAPs operate within a particular jurisdiction, which may be a country, or an economic bloc, such as the EU. Traditionally, GAAPs tended to have the country as the highest territorial level delimiting their jurisdiction. This scope of jurisdiction tended to suffice, owing to the fact that most companies operated within a single nation. However, with increasing internationalisation, and the establishment of economic blocs such as the EU, there was need to establish a more comprehensive set of principles, in order to harmonize financial reporting. Such harmonization was desirable, in lieu of the fact that companies now operated within many different nations. Indeed, the EU has established several directives such as the 4th and 7th directives on company accounts (Elliott & Elliott, 2013). The question that then begs is, can the same scenario be replicated on a gl obal scale? One of the most significant trends is the globalisation of among other things, business activities. This globalization is not only in terms of firms reaching out to new markets, more increasingly, it is about such companies outsourcing their labour and ultimately, entire production processes. Since the countries are not within the same jurisdiction, territorial or otherwise, this implies that operations within different countries are subject to different accounting treatment. The

Mitosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mitosis - Essay Example Animals for instance are known to undergo a form of mitosis called open mitosis. This is where the nuclear envelop disintegrates before the chromosomes separate. Fungi on the other hand are known to undergo a closed mitosis where the chromosomes divide within an unbroken cell nucleus (Golitsin and Krylov, 100-150). The process is divided into several stages and these are as a result of the different sequence of events that take place upon the completion of one activity to pave way for another. There are six stages in mitosis and these include interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and lastly the telophase. During the process the pairs of chromatids shorten and attach to fibers which then pull the sister chromatids to the opposite ends of the cell. Cytokinesis then occurs to create two identical daughter cells (McAinsh, 100-330). Interphase: here the cell prepares for cell division by manufacturing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. This phase is divided into three stages, first gap (G1), synthesis(S) and second gap (G2). The last second phase is where chromosomes replicate (McAinsh, 100-330).. Prophase: the chromatin shortens into a chromosome. Since at the S phase the genetic material duplicated, the replicated chromosomes have two sister chromatids that are bound together at the center. At this stage the centrosomes (coordinating center for a cell microtubules) are pushed to the opposite sides of the cell (McAinsh, 100-330). Prometaphase: the nuclei envelop disassembles and microtubules come in the nuclei space. Each chromosome then forms two kinetochores at the centromere and each one is attached at each chromatid (Snedden, 1-48). Metaphase: the two centrosomes begin pulling the chromosomes along their attached centromeres towards the end of the cells. The chromosomes become tensed from the longitudinal pull. The centromeres of the chromosomes align along the metaphase

Budgeting Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Budgeting - Coursework Example This is because from fifth month Nod will have sufficient cash not only to meet regular cash payments but also Nod will have sufficient cash to return the overdraft. The consideration is also required for capital expenditure that Nod is planning to incur in the beginning of 2nd year. The cost of car is $15000. Nod will generate $3000 on selling an old car and the rest ?12000 will be easily generated out of operation in next six months. This is because cash by the end of September 2011 after paying overdraft of say $800 will be $13150. Each month enough extra cash will be generated to meet $15000 cost easily. Accordingly Nod is advised to negotiate only for an overdraft of $800 in April for a period of four months. Word count: 221 d) Budgeting and business goals Budgeting has become an essential function of any business activity so much in the sense that it becomes easy to attain the purposes for which the business activity is planned for. In fact management plans to achieve several g oals when budgeting is under taken for a business activity. Under normal circumstances budgets are used for the purposes of attaining control and evaluation, communication with different concerned parties, planning, and motivation of the factors involved in the business process. â€Å"Goal setting is a characteristic of successful business and a budget is a critical part of the process. It is a financial forecast of your operating and capital activities.†(Carol Patterson)i Operating budgets are used for planning the operations to achieve strategic objectives. Operating budget draws the attention of the management toward revenue projections and regular and routine expenditure to raise that projected revenue. The management can set up goals of earning specific revenue in order to meet the required payments for the generation of that revenue and improve the entity’s liquidity to meet unforeseen expenditure and payments. In fact operating budget force the management to pla n for increasing profitability as there is direct relation between economising of the business expenditure and profitability. The main goal of planning and control is always achieved through efficient budgeting. â€Å"The budgeting system is designed to plan and control a business. However, it is common for the budget to be ‘gamed’ by its participants. For example managers may pad their budgets with excess resources. In this way, managers will have additional resources for unexpected events during the period. If the budget is being used to establish the incentive plan, then sales managers have incentives to understate the sales potential of a territory to ensure hitting their quota.†(Carl S Warren, James M. Reeve, and Jonathan Duchac)ii That way revenue or operating budget can be made objectives to be achieved by the operational staff. Incentives when linked with budgets automatically create sort of enthusiasm among the operating staff to achieve budgetary target s or goals. It is believed that businesses should always create and apply budgets in order to keep a check or track of their income and expenses. This is more applicable for small business and operations. Budgeting helps the businesses to project their profitability to be achieved over a period covered by the budget. Budgeting can spot problems and plan in advance the means to rectify those problems and issues. In a way financial

Project on Motivation of Nurses Essay Example for Free

Project on Motivation of Nurses Essay The most traumatic and stressful moments of an individual’s life are when he or she is taken ill. Nurses are synonymous with care and attention in times of need such as these. In a world mostly driven my personal ambition and corporate profit, nurses with their commitment to patient welfare and selfless service, provide a contrasting study. A nurse acts as a savior in distress and is often called upon to make great personal sacrifices in the discharge of her duties. The profession of nursing, is therefore, not merely a ‘job’ and the potentially powerfully insights about commitment to work that they could provide encouraged us to choose them as our subjects of study. As part of the Phase I of the project, we interviewed four nurses who were diverse in the amount of experience each had, the hierarchy in which they were working in the hospital and the backgrounds from which each of them came. This was done to study the commitment of employees towards an organization and understand the various factors which cause the same we have selected a study of nursing staff in hospitals. From the interviews, many broad themes emerged, all of which point correlate positively with their high commitment level to the organization. These points logically lead us to our hypothesis as to what keeps them committed to their place of work.   However, there were some key themes which we noted across all four of our respondents. All the nurses were very excited by the kind of recognition that the hospital was willing to give them. They seemed to treat this as a reward for their hard work and dedication and were motivated by it. All nurses were also impressed by their working relationship with their superiors (Head Nurse/Doctor) in the hospital who treated them as members of a family and with much respect. Nurses were also willing to stay on with the hospital because it provided them with opportunities for personal development. Accordingly our hypotheses are as follows: * There is a positive correlation between the amount of recognition that the nurses receive for their work and their commitment to the organization * There is a positive correlation between the positive relationship between the doctors/supervisors and the nurses and the commitment of the nurses to the organization * There is a positive correlation between the opportunity for learning and personal development that the organization provides and the commitment of the nurses to the organization RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Based on our earlier survey of 4 respondents, we determined that the following three variables play a key role in determining the commitment of nurses to their respective hospitals: * Recognition * Relationship with superiors * Learning and Development We have then tried to identify whether these three variables actually affect commitment levels of nurses at various nursing organizations. For the same, we carried out a survey of 30 nurses with diverse backgrounds (a detailed description of the respondents is covered in the following section) and questioned them on a scale of 5 to 1 (5: Strongly Agree, 1: Strongly Disagree) on 24 questions. Since our hypothesis determines 3 variables as affecting commitment, we tested the existence of each these three independent variables by framing four questions for each variables. Similarly, we determined commitment levels of the nurses through a set of 12 questions. By using a 5-point scale, we have captured not only the  existence, but the extent of existence of these variables. Since we found the responses to be reliable, we determined the correlation between the three independent variables and the dependent variable ‘commitment’ to see whether our hypothesis of is correct. Hospitals chosen for the survey We surveyed nurses from 4 different hospitals to ensure diversity. The organizations range from a large hospital located in a city like Bangalore, to mid-sized hospitals located in Tier-2 cities like Ajmer and Allahabad and a focused surgical-specialty hospital located in a smaller town like Varanasi. This selection lends diversity to our respondents through differences in location, specialization of hospitals, daily footfall (reflecting magnitude of work for the nurses), number of departments etc. Refer Appendix 1 for a description of the hospitals used for out survey. General Profile of the Nurses We have ensured diversity in our respondents while choosing nurses at all of the survey hospitals. The diversity ranges age, number of years worked at the organization and departments worked in. QUESTIONS IN THE SURVEY The questions in the survey were aimed at understanding the extent to which each of our three independent variables and our dependent variable ‘commitment’ was present in these organizations. We captured the different parameters relating to these variables by framing questions addressing various facets of these variables. Refer to Appendix 2 for detailed discussion on questions used for the survey. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF THE SURVEY Reliability of scales Reliability is used to check the consistency of the question set under consideration. In this survey we are testing if the 3 hypothesis that we have come up with are explaining the commitment of employees towards organization. Reliability in a survey is measured by lot of ways and here we are checking internal consistency reliability which indicates reliability within the survey for the responses of similar type of questions. Reliability of dependent variable * Affective Commitment: In affective commitment the questions that are all trying to test for one feature- Attachment to Organization. The questions are direct and straight forward bringing out the required feature thus making it a set of good reliability. We have obtained a reliability scale of 0.6 for this set which is the highest amongst the 3 different commitments scales that we have obtained. * Continuance Commitment: In this set we are trying to test the commitment by knowing the dependence of the person on the organization and how much of a change it would mean to him to switch jobs. The reliability that we obtained for this set is 0.53 which is a high value for a one time survey result. This is a good indication of question set focusing on the same core question. * Normative Commitment: This question set mainly tries to identify the belongingness the person has towards the organization. The question set is clear in conveying the same objective but this attribute is not so direct and easy to understand from an individual’s perspective. Hence the survey respondents’ answers in this set have a lower value reliability of 0.39. Reliability of independent variables For first and third variables (recognition and learning development), the reliability is low at 0.46 and 0.47 respectively while for the second variable (relationship with superiors), the reliability is relatively high at 0.66. Recognition and Learning Development It’s easy to see why responses to questions around Recognition and learning and development score so low in reliability. They are quite different from each other and same person can have very different responses to each of them, if they interpret the different questions to indicate different things. In comparison the questions related to relationships were fairly interrelated and are able to fetch more consistent responses. Overall reliability of all the responses is still lower than 0.7 which can be attributed to the fact that no pilot study was done, which could have been used as input for framing questions in a better way as to improve reliability of responses. Relationship with superiors We obtained highest reliability for responses for this hypothesis. Reliability for this was found to be 0.66, which is near acceptable range. The reason for higher reliability in this question set (Appendix 2) is attributable for ease of understanding the questions. Every person has a fair idea about relationships and these questions although quite different from each other give a fairly good direction the responder in terms of what is being asked. So they maintain consistency and hence higher comparative reliability. Correlation between predictor and dependent variables a) Affective Commitment According to our expectation before the actual test results we came up with all 3 predictors are going to affect the Affective commitment. Recognition was one factor because the appreciation helps the employee (nurse) develop a connect with the organization. Also opportunities for personal development and training opportunities to assist this makes employees feel good which is essential to improve the commitment levels. Good relationships with superiors definitely help people develop an emotional bond with the organization. b) Continuance Commitment Continuance commitment describes how the employee feel about staying longer in the organization and for this one of the most important reasons is economic considerations which are to some extent explained by rewards and recognition. The recognition obtained will motivate them to work better and stay longer in an organization. Also constant opportunities for growing and training will help them stay committed to organization. c) Normative Commitment This form of commitment mainly explains the sense of giving back to the organization and the predictor which we identified was most important was the relationships with supervisor (Head nurse/Doctor). Training and developments reflect investment done by organization on employees, so employees feel an obligation to stay committed to organization to pay it  back, which increases their normative commitment. Actual results: Statistical Significance of correlations With the acceptable alpha level being 0.05 for social science research and no. of responders being 30, (Dof = 28) gives critical value of correlation as 0.361. When compared with the results we obtained we notice that out of 9 correlations, 3 are not significant (value less than 0.361) and 6 are significant (Value higher than 0.361). When it’s significant we reject null hypothesis of no relationship and accept alternative hypothesis of existence of relationship. Hypothesis 1: From the results it’s apparent that hypothesis 1 is partially supported as only one correlation is significant out of 3. That is with affective commitment. So we can interpret that Recognition affects affective commitment but not the other two types of commitments. Hypothesis 2: For second hypothesis 2 out of 3 correlations are significant so it’s also partially supported. Relationship with doctors is not related to continuance commitment but related to affective and normative commitment. Hypothesis 3: Hypothesis 3 is completely supported as all the correlations are significant i.e. higher than 0.361. It means learning and development is related to all the dependent variables and affects all three dimensions of commitment i.e. Affective, Continuance, Normative which are considered here. Plausible explanation of variations between correlations Recognition: Recognition showed the highest correlation with affective commitment, while significant correlations were not established with the continuance and normative commitment. When nurses are recognized by the organization they tend to develop an emotional connect with the organization. They feel happier working in the hospital and a sense of belonging is nurtured within them. The appreciation received for the work translates into an attachment with the organization. This explains the  correlation with affective commitment. The recognition is mostly in the form of awards and words of praise not monetary in nature. Therefore a significant continuance commitment has not been established. Similarly, recognition for work does not lead to a feeling of obligation towards the organization. Rather, the positivity generated by the appreciation of work manifests itself as an emotional attachment towards the organization, which is reflected in the correlation with affective commitment. Relationship with superiors: This independent variable showed highest correlation with normative commitment and lower correlations with affective commitment, while correlation with continuance commitment was insignificant. The nurses tend to view the exceptionally good relationships with the doctors as being facilitated by the hospital. They therefore feel indebted to the hospital for providing them with an excellent working environment, which would be missing at other places. The moral obligation that they feel towards their hospital for the respect and dignity with which doctors and supervisors treat them is translated into a high correlation for normative commitment. Learning and development: It is seen from the results of the survey that learning and development has a high correlation with Affective Commitment to the organization and comparatively low correlation with continuance and normative Commitment. Intuitively we expected high correlation between learning and development a nd normative commitment to the organization. This is because employees would feel an obligation towards an organization that invests time and resources to train its employees and ensure their personal development. However, we realize these may not necessarily hold true once we take into account the atypical nature of the nursing profession. Nurses feel sense of duty towards their patients and ethical and moral obligation to serve the sick to the best of their capacity. In fact, nurses who have been trained well, dealt with varied patient cases and experience a great deal of learning would perhaps experience higher motivation to the society. Hence perhaps they would experience low moral responsibility to staying back in the organization. We believe existence of a caring and people centric management could be the reason for the high correlation between affective commitment and learning and development. An organization that has caring and people friendly management would earn emotional loyalty from its employees due to care and good treatment given to employees. Such an  organization would also take efforts to ensure that its human resources constantly learn and develop so as to contribute to the success of the organization.